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Sources

The citation index

Every numeric or historical claim on the site is sourced. The full bibliography lives in KNOWLEDGEBASE.md (project repository). This page indexes every source from every section and note, with cross-references where the same source is cited elsewhere.

Skeptical and non Christian sources are cited heavily where they confirm or concede points: Bart Ehrman (agnostic), E. P. Sanders, Geza Vermes, A. N. Sherwin White, Pinchas Lapide. The site argues from evidence, not from authority.

126 unique sources · 18 sections · 22 notes

From the sections

Open · One question matters

  • 1 Corinthians 15:14

  • Daniel B. Wallace, manuscript counts.

Section 01 · A universe rather than nothing

Section 02 · Three things a monotheism has to do

Section 03 · 5,800 manuscripts

  • Daniel B. Wallace, Revisiting the Corruption of the New Testament, 2011.

  • Bart Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, 2005.

  • Komoszewski, Sawyer, Wallace, Reinventing Jesus, 2006.

Section 04 · 5 years, not 500

Section 05 · Jesus claimed to be God

  • John 8:58, 10:30, 14:9.

  • Mark 2:5 to 7, 14:61 to 64.

  • Daniel 7:13 to 14.

    Also cited in: Section 06

Section 06 · The high priest tore his robes

  • Mark 14:61 to 64.

  • Matthew 26:63 to 65.

  • Caiaphas ossuary, Jerusalem 1990.

  • Pilate Stone, Caesarea Maritima 1961.

Section 07 · Virtually certain

  • Tacitus, Annals 15.44.

  • Josephus, Antiquities 18.3.3, 20.9.1.

  • Vassilios Tzaferis, Israel Exploration Journal, 1970.

Section 08 · The tomb was empty

  • Mark 16:1 to 8.

  • Matthew 28:1 to 10, 28:11 to 15.

  • Luke 24:1 to 12.

  • John 20:1 to 10.

  • N. T. Wright, The Resurrection of the Son of God, 2003.

    Also cited in: Section 17

Section 09 · Six pillars

  • 1 Corinthians 15:3 to 8.

    Also cited in: Section 14

  • Galatians 1:18 to 19, 2:9.

  • John 7:5.

  • Acts 9, 22, 26.

  • Habermas and Licona, The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus, 2004.

Section 10 · Pull a pillar, the roof falls

  • David Strauss, The Life of Jesus Critically Examined, 1835.

  • A. N. Sherwin White, 1963.

  • Habermas and Licona, 2004, ch. 7.

  • William Lane Craig, The Son Rises, 1981.

Section 11 · Names, not legends

Section 12 · From hiding to martyrdom

  • Mark 14:50, 14:66 to 72.

  • John 20:19.

  • Acts 2, 7, 12.

  • Josephus, Antiquities 20.9.1.

  • Sean McDowell, The Fate of the Apostles, 2015.

Section 13 · Written centuries before

  • Isaiah 53:1 to 12.

  • Psalm 22:1, 7, 14, 16, 18.

  • Daniel 9:24 to 27.

  • Israel Antiquities Authority, deadseascrolls.org.il.

  • Walter Kaiser, The Messiah in the Old Testament, 1995.

    Also cited in: Note: Prophecy probability done honestly

Section 14 · Lord, Liar, Lunatic, Legend

  • C. S. Lewis, Mere Christianity, 1952.

  • Philippians 2:6 to 11.

  • Pliny the Younger, Letters 10.96.

Section 15 · Five alternatives, briefly

Section 16 · God in the suffering, not above it

  • Mackie, "Evil and Omnipotence," Mind, 1955.

  • Rowe, American Philosophical Quarterly, 1979.

  • Plantinga, God, Freedom, and Evil, 1974.

  • C. S. Lewis, The Problem of Pain, 1940.

  • N. T. Wright, Evil and the Justice of God, 2006.

Section 18 · Sources, in full

  • See content/18-sources.md for the full index.

From the notes (further reading)

Note · Sean Carroll and poetic naturalism

  • Sean Carroll, The Big Picture, 2016.

  • Edward Feser, Five Proofs of the Existence of God, 2017.

  • David Bentley Hart, The Experience of God, 2013.

Note · The Bauckham eyewitness chain

  • Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 3.39 (Papias fragments).

Note · The Old Testament moral problems

  • Paul Copan, Is God a Moral Monster?, 2011.

  • Paul Copan and Matthew Flannagan, Did God Really Command Genocide?, 2014.

  • Christopher Wright, The God I Don't Understand, 2008.

  • John Walton and J. Harvey Walton, The Lost World of the Israelite Conquest, 2017.

Note · Hell, universalism, and the range of orthodox options

  • Edward Fudge, The Fire That Consumes, 3rd ed., 2011.

  • David Bentley Hart, That All Shall Be Saved, 2019.

  • Preston Sprinkle, ed., Four Views on Hell, 2nd ed., 2016.

  • C. S. Lewis, The Great Divorce, 1945.

Note · Deconversion narratives and their triggers

  • Heinz Streib et al., Deconversion: Qualitative and Quantitative Results from Cross Cultural Research, 2009.

  • Bart Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus, 2005; How Jesus Became God, 2014.

Note · Mythicism in detail (Carrier and Price)

  • Bart Ehrman, Did Jesus Exist?, 2012.

  • Daniel Gullotta, "On Richard Carrier's Doubts," JSHJ 15 (2017): 310 to 346.

  • Maurice Casey, Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?, 2014.

Note · The Quran on the crucifixion

  • Behnam Sadeghi and Uwe Bergmann, "The Codex of a Companion of the Prophet and the Qurʾān of the Prophet," Arabica, 2010.

  • Nabeel Qureshi, No God But One: Allah or Jesus?, 2016.

  • Mark Beaumont, Christology in Dialogue with Muslims, 2005.

Note · Archaeology confirms New Testament detail

  • Craig Evans, Jesus and His World: The Archaeological Evidence, 2012.

  • Colin Hemer, The Book of Acts in the Setting of Hellenistic History, 1990.

Note · Lemaître and the Christian origin of the Big Bang

Note · Dale Allison's vision theory and its limits

  • Dale Allison, Resurrecting Jesus, 2005.

  • Dale Allison, The Resurrection of Jesus: Apologetics, Polemics, History, 2021.

  • Andrew Loke, Investigating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, 2020.

Note · Mormonism, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the comparative test

  • Michael Coe, interviews on Book of Mormon historicity, 1990s onward.

  • Bruce Metzger, "The Jehovah's Witnesses and Jesus Christ," Theology Today, 1953.

  • Robert Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, 1989.

Note · The early church's social practices as evidence

Note · Engaging Hinduism on its strongest version

  • Vinoth Ramachandra, Subverting Global Myths, 2008.

  • Mark Heim, Salvations: Truth and Difference in Religion, 1995.

  • Keith Yandell, Philosophy of Religion: A Contemporary Introduction, 2nd ed., 2016.

Note · Engaging Buddhism on its strongest version

  • Paul Williams, The Unexpected Way: On Converting from Buddhism to Catholicism, 2002.

  • Keith Yandell and Harold Netland, Buddhism: A Christian Exploration and Appraisal, 2009.

Note · Prophecy probability done honestly

  • Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, 4th ed., 2018.

  • Michael Brown, Answering Jewish Objections to Jesus, vol. 3, 2003.

Note · Hurtado, Bauckham, and the explosive early Christology

  • Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity, 2003.

  • Larry Hurtado, How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God?, 2005.

  • Bart Ehrman, How Jesus Became God, 2014 (skeptical concessions).

Note · The full twelve Habermas facts

  • Gary Habermas, The Risen Jesus and Future Hope, 2003.

  • Gary Habermas and Michael Licona, The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus, 2004.

Note · Christological convergence across all NT books

  • N. T. Wright, The Climax of the Covenant, 1991.

  • Andrew Chester, Messiah and Exaltation, 2007.

Note · Biblical inspiration without strict inerrancy

  • John Walton, The Lost World of Genesis One, 2009.

  • Peter Enns, Inspiration and Incarnation, 2nd ed., 2015.

  • Kevin Vanhoozer, The Drama of Doctrine, 2005.

  • Nicholas Wolterstorff, Divine Discourse, 1995.

Note · Christianity's civilizational track record

  • Rodney Stark, For the Glory of God, 2003.

  • David Bentley Hart, Atheist Delusions, 2009.

Note · The full non Christian witness map

  • Robert Van Voorst, Jesus Outside the New Testament, 2000.

  • F. F. Bruce, Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament, 1974.

  • Craig Evans, Jesus and His Contemporaries, 1995.

Note · The Synoptic Problem and the status of Q

  • Mark Goodacre, The Case Against Q, 2002.

  • Robert Stein, Studying the Synoptic Gospels, 2nd ed., 2001.

  • John S. Kloppenborg, Q, the Earliest Gospel, 2008.